Articles of contention
The Kyoto Protocol obliges industrialised countries to cut their overall greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the period 2008-2012. Several provisions are laid out to achieve these reductions.
Article 3.3 of the protocol allows countries to get credits for reducing carbon dioxide concentrations through land-use change and forestry activities that are a result of direct human actions. Only afforestationreforestation and deforestation activities undertaken since 1990 are eligible under this article. Consequent changes produced in the quantity of carbon present in a system should be measured in each commitment period and should be verifiable.
Article 3.4 discusses changes in content of carbon in terrestrial sinks caused by human induced land-use change and forestry activitiesand activities in agricultural soils. Possible examples in this category are forest managementgrazing land and cropland management. The activities considered here should be additional to those mentioned in article 3.3.
The article does not have a list of eligible activities and advises countries to take a decision on this. A consensus on which activities are to be considered and how they should be included is yet to emerge.
This decision will apply in the second and subsequent commitment periods. A country can claim credit for such an activity in the first commitment period (2008-2012) provided the activity has taken place since 1990.
Article 12 discusses Clean Development Mechanism (cdm) under which industrialised countries can invest in carbon efficient projects in developing countries. In returnthe net benefits of reduction in carbon dioxide concentration accrue to the investors. The list of eligible projects under this article is yet to be formulated.
Article 6 talks about Joint Investment (ji) that assists industrialised countries in meeting their commitments. ji is essentially cdm with the sole difference that theprojects undertaken are in industrialised countries.
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