According to the National Human Development Report 2002, Andhra Pradesh (AP)'s position declined from eight in 1981 to 10 in 2001, while neighbouring states like Tamil Nadu improved their position relatively. Spending increased from Rs 3,308 crore on education and Rs 1,098 crore on healthcare in 1999-2000 to Rs 4,666 crore and Rs 1,477 crore, respectively, in 2003-04. However, as the AP Development Report by the Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) points out, "AP lags behind, particularly in literacy, schooling and infant mortality compared to other southern states.